Thursday, December 31, 2015

What's with dictionary definitions for metaphorical usage?

Like a Jeopardy contestant giving an anecdote about their life changing experience when a pet dog tore up a favorite slipper, I have something I am terribly upset about.

I have noticed some online dictionaries giving metaphorical definitions. By this I mean that for a word, giving a meaning entry that is metaphorical, not its literal meaning.

For example, 'to devour'. Without checking, this means to eat ravenously. But it's easy to see that, say, a paper shredder could be said to devour some documents,

You may well note that many words, rather most words, really almost all words have multiple meanings (except for highly stipulated technical terms, and even then things can get loose). Our perception is usually that a word has one meaning and that's that. But then we notice that, well, that same spelling can be used for more than one distinct concept, usually nearby.

You may then well note that for many words, there really is a primary meaning: its meaning out of context that everyone thinks of first, and then secondary meanings, ones that appear in different contexts, that are slight extensions of the primary meaning, or used in analogous situations, not literally.

Here is the example for 'devour' from google:

de·vour
  • eat (food or prey) hungrily or quickly.
  • (of fire, disease, or other forces) consume (someone or something) destructively.
  • read (something) quickly and eagerly.
The first is the primary definition, the second a metaphorical one, the third... huh? That is definitely not what 'devour' means. Sure, one can easily use it in 'I devoured the sequel' meaning that I read the sequel quickly and eagerly. But that's not the meaning of 'devour'. That's not what 'mean' means. It's too specific. Does the omission mean you can't watch a movie voraciously? How come 'reading' is more devour-like than other metaphorical uses? This isn't right! If you include read, you should include every other possible metaphorical usage. But of course that is too laborious to imagine.

The difficulty I'm having is the demarcation line. When does a reasonable metaphorical usage of a word become dictionary-entry-worthy?

Taking the title word 'incensed', which was not deliberate, its primary and only definition is around 'angry', and no mention of the ostensible literal meaning which might have been 'burned like incense'. It already is a metaphor. The only definition is non-literal. So putting in metaphorical usages is necessary. At what point of semantic drift, at what point of leaving the original does a dying metaphor become dead, and at what point does the altered meaning move from quantitative difference to qualitatively requiring a new entry?

A close analogy is with suffixes. You can take any word in the dictionary and find some suffix that applies that will create a perfectly good word. 'Neologistically' is my favorite. 'Neologism' to 'neologistical' to 'neologistically'. Probably not in any dictionary, but perfectly understandable, sounds like a word, and is (arguably) undeniable as a word. Does it need to be in a dictionary? At what point do lexicographers decide not to include a possible variant?

There are a number of possibilities. Checking multiple dictionaries, most don't have the strange 'read' entry, only Google and Macmillan. What I suspect is that there is a tendency to require definitive alternate usage for an additional entry to be made when the entries are edited by humans. And that Google and/or Macmillan introduce metaphorical entries mechanically and its easier to be lenient. The latter two dictionaries certainly need human oversight; that is, the 'read' entry isn't a mistake but a lower threshold.

This will require looking into the editing policies of the various dictionaries.

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